Anchoring   Working Principles
	MODES OF FAILURE
	When anchors are loaded to their maximum capacity, several different types (modes) of failure are possible depending on the type of anchor, strength of the base material, embedment depth, location of the anchor, etc. Common modes of failure include:
		Concrete Spall Cone— Occurs at shallow embedments where the resistance of the base material is less than the resistance of the anchor and the base material fails.
		Steel Breakage— The capacity of the anchorage exceeds the tensile or shear strength of the steel anchor or rod material.
		Anchor Pullout— Base material adjacent to the extension portion of an anchor crushes, resulting in the anchor pulling out of the hole until the capacity of the spall cone is reached, at which point the concrete will spall. This type of failure happens more commonly when anchors are set with deep embedment depths.
		Bond Failure— Shear failure of the adhesive at rod-adhesive interface or adhesive-base material interface. Occurs more commonly in deep embedments using high strength steel rods.
	back	Edge Distance and Spacing Reduction— Reduces the holding values, when anchors are placed too close to the edge. This also occurs when two or more anchors are spaced closely together. See suggested edge distance, anchor spacing distances and reduction values in the product sections.

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